Parenting Styles Have A Big Impact On The Development And...

There has always been debate about the different parenting styles that exist and how they affect the development and outcome of a child. How a child is raised and treated as they are brought up has a lot to do with the kind of person they will be later in life. Therefore, it can have either a positive, negative, or even both positive and negative effects on a child as they are growing up. Certain factors of parenting play a big role such as how the parent use discipline, warmth and nurture, communication, and their expectations of maturity and control. In other words, parenting styles have a big impact on the child’s future. Likewise, how a child is taught and the learning style they learn best from has a lot to do with how they are able to take in information, which is similar to how different parenting styles affect their children development and as an adult later in life. The most well-known parenting styles that exist consist of authoritarian, authoritative, permissive, an d uninvolved. There are pros and cons to each of them, but in the end it’s important to have mixture of good principles to ensure good parenting and positive child development. This is because it is believed that childhood is a critical period for development that will last throughout a lifetime by providing the child with the proper skills, resources, and developmental qualities that will carried on throughout adulthood and the rest of their lives. Therefore, the kind of parenting style is one of theShow MoreRelatedThe Authoritarian Style Of Parenting Essay1414 Words   |  6 Pagesresearch, analyzing child-parent behavior, seeking to identify parenting styles. The Baumrid study and other further studies identified four main styles of parenting (Miller, 2010): the authoritative parenting style was characterized by fair rules and consequences; The Authoritarian parenting style was characterized by strict rules and harsh punishment; the permissive parenting style was charact erized by minimal rules with little or no consequences; the uninvolved parenting style was characterizedRead MoreImportance Of Parenting Essay1519 Words   |  7 PagesThe Importance of Parenting Styles There are many different types of parenting styles in the world today. The way one chooses to raise their children, can play a very big role in a child’s behavior and success within the future. In 1967, a woman named Diana Baumrind contributed to the knowledge in socioemotional development by studying and researching parenting styles. She originally stated that there are four types of parenting styles; authoritarian, authoritative, permissive and neglectful. 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On entering the living room, on the east corner is a 50-inch television and to the west is the dining set. This room is furnished with tan leather couches, center table and red rug over the bare floor. On the walls are familyRead MoreAlcohol And Substance Abuse : An Individual Behavior That Reflects Underlying Dysfunction921 Words   |  4 Pagesof parenting has been linked to psychological well-being, stress and social support. It was also found to be a predictor of antisocial behaviors and substance abuse (Velleman, Templeton Copello, 2005). A child s family is responsible for the socialization process. It is important that the family helps the child socialize in a way that helps them adjust to the demands and possibilities of their environment and social circle. However, if the family does not succeed in this task, it can have a negativeRead M oreParenting and Education During Early Childhood Essay example2060 Words   |  9 PagesParenting and Education during early childhood Psy/280 Jan 4, 2012 Tra Ahia Parenting and Education during early childhood This paper will discuss various forms of caregivers, parenting styles, and early childhood education. Topics covered are: †¢ Evaluate the different types of parenting styles and their influence on development during infancy and early childhood. †¢ Compare and contrast at least two different kinds of caregivers and the positive and/or negativeRead MoreParenting Styles And The Parenting Style Essay1594 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Parenting style used by caregivers plays an important role in the child’s development and learning, specifically social emotional learning. Parents play a big role in their child’s academic achievement, especially depending on the parenting style use. The parenting style where the parents are involved and monitor their children is related to academic achievement and educational accomplishment (Spera, 2005). Parenting styles comprise of two dimensions, demandingness and responsivenessRead MoreMy Point Of View Attachment Theory1033 Words   |  5 Pageslasting, secure and positive bond between a child and a caregiver, a reciprocal relationship. John Bowlby who used his knowledge in developmental psychology, psychoanalysis, ethology, and data processing to base his principle of the theory developed attachment theory. John Bowlby believed that attachment theory was on of the four essential behavioral systems necessary for the evolution and survival of humans. Mary Ainsworth, psychologist, who made a big impact on Bowlby s attachment theory. She hadRead MoreStudent Motivation and its Effects on Student Achievement Essay2147 Words   |  9 Pagesachievement. This paper will focus on what motivation means, how to get students motivated, and the impact of motivation on student attitude both inside and outside the classroom. Also, the paper will address the place of the parent as role model an d the impact of their involvement on their children’s education. Student Motivation and its Effects on Student Achievement Every child has the capability to be a great learner or student and that capacity is present at every stageRead Moreeffect of parenting style on the academic development of children6694 Words   |  27 Pagesor mother of a person. It also went on to disclose its view on parenting as the skill or activity of looking after your own children. Davies (2000) opined that parenting (or child rearing is the process of promoting and supporting the physical, emotional social and intellectual development of a child from infancy to adulthood. Parenting style is a psychological contrast representing standard strategies that parents use in their child rearing (stantrock, 2007). There are many differing theories and

Is The Color Blind - 1123 Words

While our society has pushed for a larger focus on promoting diversity and acceptance, criticisms have emerged regarding the way we discuss and analyze certain differences. This is especially present in discussions concerning race, which is often difficult to hold conversations about and can easily become controversial. Instead of easing into these issues and differences that go on between various ethnicities, many members of modern society have adopted a â€Å"color blind† approach to handling these issues. The main point of color blindness is to treat individuals as equals with various factors, such as race and ethnicity, being disregarded. While it is based on good intentions, color blindness avoids the issues surrounding differences ignores†¦show more content†¦Weddington has a majority white population, and most students enrolled in the Weddington public school system representing this demographic very well. While there were a few black, Asian and Hispanic studen ts, they mostly socialized with each other, rarely garnering any attention from their white peers, myself included. Because of this lack of exposure, I was not able to properly understand the issues facing these groups or see the reasons they were different from me outside of different physical features. In addition, no African American families lived in my neighborhood with the exception of one mixed race family, which led me to the belief that these students came from lower socioeconomic backgrounds and lived in less affluent neighborhoods as a result of their parents’ poor decisions and less prominent career choices. Another reason why I lacked understanding these individuals is because of my own personal background. While I grew up in an upper middle class neighborhood with majority white families, racism was ever present in the daily interactions I was exposed to within that community. A fair amount of this has to do with most families having an extensive history living in the American South, with most parents being raised during the Civil Rights Movement in mostly rural or small town communities. My parents are both examples of this, with both making occasional

Quality and quantity control in cement industry Free Sample

Question: Discuss about the Quality and Quantity Control in Cement Industry. Answer: Introduction Cement industry is one of the most elementary industries as the product can be found in normal day to day functioning. Cement is a fine powder which is used to give strength and is the controlling component of concrete. This is the key component used in construction project. Techniques and activity used to achieve, improve and sustain the quality of products or services can be defined as Quality control (Anyanwu, 2013). Determination of composition of all the material used in production of cement is important for an affluent control in process and quality of product. Quality assurance and monitoring of production to meet the applicable product standard as specified in the scope of testing. Quality control Diversified functions are being performed by the modern plants expert control and supervision is a key to get most out of it cement plant. Process expert alleviate the plant, optimize production, manage process interference and reduce wear and tear of equipments. Areas of quality control start with control of raw material, finished goods, in process control and physical control. If proper control methods are adopted in manufacturing of cement it will result in less rejection rate with increased product quality, price reduction, and increase the product yield leading to increase in reputation of the company in the industry. Need for quality control Ever increasing competition in construction industry and demand of best quality products by the customer has lead cement industry to take efforts to provide high quality products. If quality control is not done it will result in low productivity, under utilization of resources and loss of customer. Cost of cement production is very high because of amount of energy used by cost driver. 60-130 kg of fuel and 150KWH of electricity is required to in the process of manufacturing of each tone of cement (Okereke, 2003). General Policies for Quality control To meet the objective of providing best quality cement most of the Australian companies in cement industry are following Quality management system by complying with the requirements of International standards AS/NZS ISO 9001:2000. Basic requirements for following quality management system based on ISO9001 are adopting short and comprehensive review process to determine the needs of customer. It is also important to be in touch with suppliers for maintaining the quality of the components and raw material. Identifying the opportunity and solving the problem expeditiously is also important to maintain the quality of the cement manufactured by the company. Quantity Control Quantity control means total material quantity that will be created if every produce receipt has been posted in control cycle. Quantity control process should not be confused with physical counting of stock. In todays world it is common to have immense requirement of bulk material even in a sheer size project which creates the need of quantity control. Another reason for quantity control in cement industry is because every organisation requires quantity information in different form. There are two methods for taking quantity control decision. First physical count of products received and matching them with invoice receipts and second in the low cost where physical count can be too costly physical count is not required and invoice should be matched. Need for quantity control Cement is made by crushing and grinding calcium carbonate known as limestone, sand (silica), alumina and iron ore in suitable proportion and then heating the outcome in kiln. In production of cement use of computerized controls in number of application can be done to optimise the mix of raw material to ensure there is proper composition of chemicals (Keviczky). The control system of production helps in production of maximum quantity of cement in accordance with the prescribed quality. It can also optimize burning process to improve the quality of cement and thereby improving heat recovery and emissions from clinker cooler. Quantity control also becomes important in certain cases where the supply of that product is limited for example in case of manufacturing of cement electricity consumption is very high which makes it important to schedule the use of electricity properly and to use alternative source of energy. A quantity take off policy is needed by the organisation to identify the requirements of raw material needed for manufacturing of cement. Data base managers can be used as a powerful tool to generate a versatile report summarizing the information needed. Various companies have designed Quantity control system for recognising the material used in manufacturing process. The ability to know the need of raw material, finished goods and work in progress is very important for a manufacturer. Quantity control helps the organisation to maximise its profit by keeping track of the quantity requirements. This also leads in improving the productivity of the organisation. Quantity control concept with Database Concept (Source: Project Management Institute) Conclusion Quantity and quality control can help in achieving optimal allocation and reallocation of machines and can also result in minimization of production cost of cement. These controls can be considered as guide for the management of the company for proper utilization of resources and in creating strategies based on the future requirements. References Okereke, P.A. (2003): Construction Materials, Testing and Quality in Tropical Climate. Crown Publishers Ltd. Owerri Cement Industry Federation. (2013). Industry Report. Retrieved on 1 April 2017 from : https://www.cement.org.au/Portals/0/Documents/CIF%20Publications/2013%20CIF%20Industry%20Report%20(Med%20Res).pdf Keviczky, L. (2017). Automation and Control in cement industries. Control, System, Robotics and Automation. Vol XIX. KEMA INC. (2005). Industrial Case Study: The Cement Industry. Retrieved on 2 April 2017 from: https://www.calmac.org/publications/industrialcementfinalkema.pdf Diekmann, J.E. (1981). Quantity Control- the key element in project control. Retrieved on 2 April 2017 from : https://www.pmi.org/learning/library/quantity-control-project-control-construction-1838 Anyanwu, C.I. (2013). Quality Control Concepts in the Manufacture of Masonry Blocks for Building Project Delivery. IOSR Journal of business management. Vol. 14. Pp 35-40

Sustainable Tourism Development

This essay shows that there are initiatives which aim at promoting sustainability in tourism destinations. However, these initiatives do not work due to the diverse nature of the tourism industry. The essay demonstrates this through various approaches to tourism sustainability and methods that stakeholders have applied in their attempts to enhance sustainability of tourism destinations.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Sustainable Tourism Development specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More We can define sustainability as a growth that does not experience any threats from feedback. Here, feedback refers to social unrest, pollution, or depletion of resources. We can relate this to the development of tourism destination. In tourism, sustainability would be â€Å"that level of development which does not exceed the carrying capacity of the destination and thus cause serious or irreversible changes to the destination† ( Tribe, 2005). This is what we call a growth that can sustain itself over time. It is hard for a nation or a sector to use effective plans for sustainable tourism development with clear agenda. The UNWTO provides policy guidelines for such purposes. The UNWTO refers sustainable tourism with regard to sustainability assumption as â€Å"the environmental, economic and socio-cultural aspects of tourism development, and a suitable balance must be established between these three dimensions its long-term sustainability† (UNWTO, 1995). Sustainability in tourism destination must ensure optimal use of resources that are sources of tourism development, their maintenance, and conservation of biodiversity and natural heritage (Liu, 2003). The project must also â€Å"adhere to socio-cultural existences of host communities, conserve their cultural heritage and enhance cultural understanding and tolerance† (Swarbrooke, 1999). Sustainable tourism project must also provide socio-economi c benefits, long-term economic availability, stable employment, poverty reduction, social services, and generation of income to the host community and all stakeholders. First, regulations are forms of ensuring sustainability of tourism destinations. Stakeholders can introduce permissions and permits as forms of preventative control. Permits and permissions aim at preventing damages by requiring stakeholders to get permissions so as to engage in possible harmful activities. For instance, we can have planning permits to stop developments that do not meet planning guidelines and larger environmental matters and effects. Second, regulation also involves environmental impact assessment. Some projects which may have severe impacts on the environment; thus the authorities must review an environmental consequences of such projects. It may use a cost-benefit approach that covers the all costs and advantages to stakeholders. For a development to be socially acceptable, its benefits to society must exceed its cost to society.Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Third, controls and laws are also effective means of providing and controlling environmental pollutant targets. Occasionally, policymakers may introduce these laws and controls after an event that cause harm to the environment has started. Such laws may cover restrictions to aircraft and other forms of pollution and the quality standards of water for consumption. Litter laws and their subsequent fines are also part of this regulation. Fourth, there are also special designation areas. Most countries have sites that have special status as a way of promoting conservation and controlling development. These designations have varying degrees of statutory backing. For example, the UK has designated Sites of Special Scientific Interests (SSSIs) and Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauties (AONBs). The UK considers SSSI s sites as â€Å"areas of special interest because of flora, fauna, geological or physiographical features† (National Park Service, 1990). The Countryside Commission designates AONBs areas for the purpose protecting places with natural beauty. The IUCN (the World Conservation Union) has also classified protected places, with an idea of enhancing international conservation efforts and providing the benchmark for protection. Special designation areas may include nature reserve, national parks, natural monuments, and protected landscape or seascape among others. Fifth, most countries now have laws to ensure that large organisations devote sections of their resources to corporate social responsibility (CSR). CSR now extends to include the environment apart from other issues of organisations. Private organisations are focusing on the environment by creating their environmental management teams, creating environmental guidelines and carrying out environmental evaluations and requir ed actions for purposes of conserving the environment. The WTTC and WTO are responsible for the provision of leadership and guidelines in environmental conservation. Most guidelines in this area focus on noise, emissions, waste, congestion, tourism and conservation (Deloitte and Oxford Economics, 2010). Some forms of these regulations are difficult to implement. Still, the industry may find them difficult to follow. There are cases where private developers and environmental authorities engage in lawsuits. Such issues hinder regulations as attempts to enhance sustainability in tourism destinations. Market methods highlight â€Å"manipulation of prices as a method of achieving environmental goals through adjustment of market prices in an attempt to reflect the environmental costs, and benefits of activities† (Tribe, 2005). The sole purpose is for the manufactures and their customers change their behaviours with regard to new prices. This ensures that individuals’ efforts in environmental conservation are worthwhile (Middleton and Hawkins, 1998).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Sustainable Tourism Development specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The first concept is ownership. People tend to overuse free resources and areas of free access. Thus, policymakers advocate privatisation of such natural resources. For instance, ownership of a lake is an incentive to enforce property rights. Thus, people may pay for the use of resources such as lakes and oceans as dumping sinks. Firms will strive to maximise their gains and satisfy their shareholders expectations. Thus, policymakers advocate for public ownership to enhance environmental management. In principle, a public organisation has an â€Å"incentive to consider social costs and benefits to the country† (Cohen, 2002). Policymakers can use taxes and increasing prices to reduce the use of products with negative environmental cons equences, and subsidies that can reduce prices and promote the use of products that have positive effects on the environmental. Taxation has worked since it adoption by OECD in 1972 as a way of passing the cost to polluters (OECD, 2001). On carbon dioxide emissions, Curtis argues that we can make moderate emissions reductions by â€Å"way of increased energy efficiency but that excess emissions by luxury hotels and resorts need further action† (Curtis, 2002). Transport has been a main source of concern in this area. National Parks authorities of the UK have emphasised necessities of transport systems to countryside tourism and recreation. They note that about 90 percent of visitors used cars to parks. Consequently, most environmentalists have called for raised taxations on car and air travels so as to reflect their environmental costs (National Park Service, 1990). Finland has taxes on none-returnable beverage containers to promote the consumption of returnable parks in attem pts to eliminate the level of such parks left as litters. Landfill taxes apply charges on waste management firms that utilise landfill areas for burying solid waste. Some governments may give grants for people who wish to buy electric cars to reduce carbon pollution. There are projects underway to reduce the amount of carbon in the atmosphere. These include the planned â€Å"planting of forests to capture carbon naturally as well as the artificial capture of carbon and its storage in underground reservoirs† (Mules, 2001).Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Deposit-refund schemes work by encouraging consumers to return containers from the vendors or dispose them in a manner favourable to the environment. Customers who return their containers get their deposits. This scheme is effective in the local outlets and can work well on a national scale if well implemented (Gee, 1997). In order to reduce pollution, some countries have introduced charges on products and services they offer the public. These include car parking charges to encourage usage of â€Å"public vehicles, road pricing for motorway usages in some EU countries such as France and Spain† (Priestley, Edwards and Coccossis, 1996). Market approaches to sustainability in developing tourism destinations have been effective in EU zones. Still, the idea to provide subsidies for environmental friendly products such as vehicles is gaining recognition among tourism stakeholders. However, most consumers do not favour the idea of price increases. Tribe notes that soft tools are â⠂¬Å"voluntary by nature and attempt to change behaviours sometimes through improved information, advice, persuasion and sometimes by forming specific networks† (Tribe, 2005). Tourism eco-labelling approach to sustainability focuses on tourists. Leisure and tourism consumers themselves have the ability to transform the consequences of products they consume on the environmental and switch to products with minimal environmental effects. This approach aims at giving the users the â€Å"additional environmental information to enable them make informed decisions in their buying patterns† (Cater and Lowman, 1994). There are also certification and award schemes to enhance sustainability in tourism destination. They authenticate and provide endorsement to environmental attributions made by firms and offer marks such as the Blue Flag that a consumer can recognise (Becken and Hay, 2007). The Blue Flag goes to beaches that have acquired recognisable levels for water quality and fac ilities, safety, environmental education and management. This is also an environmental marketing device for tourists who are environmental conscious. The scheme attempts to offer opportunities for beach local stakeholders to increase their environmental concerns (Coccossis and Nijkamp, 1995). Many organisations such as the World Conservation Union (IUCN) and the Federation of Nature and National Parks of Europe (FNNPE) have produced guidelines and treaties for environmental management and sustainability (FNNPE, 1993). Citizenship, education and advertising can also enhance sustainability when individuals act in the role of consumers or workers or opinion makers (Cooper, Fletcher, Gilbert and Wanhill, 2008). Consumers need information to enable them purchase green products and contribute towards environmental sustainability. Thus, the focus should be on an environmental education as a way of creating awareness among consumers and encourage others to adopt favourable products in envir onmental conservation and sustainability (Gratton and Kokolakakis, 2003). Tribe notes â€Å"voluntary schemes exist to allow consumers mitigate the impacts of any environmental damages they may cause† (Tribe, 2005). The most common is carbon offset schemes in airline to passengers (McNeill, 1997). Ecotourism as a form of tourism stresses the sound ecological principles (UNEPTIE, 2007). Thus, ecotourism attempts to minimise negative impacts on the environment, create environmental and cultural awareness, offer financial services to empower host communities, and raise sensitive issues of concern to host communities (Saarinen, 2006). Therefore, promoting ecotourism is a form of minimising negative external impacts of tourism and maximising the positive external impacts of tourism. However, industry observers note â€Å"ecotourism will always remain a minor form of tourism† (Mowforth and Munt, 2009). Consequently, it is not the main approach for achieving sustainable touri sm. Soft tools rarely achieve their desired effects as such approaches depend on the willingness of participants for effectiveness. However, soft tools are the best approaches for enhancing sustainability of tourism destinations. Getz, Crouch, and Ritchie share the idea that tourism planners have recognised the need for creating common goals in tourism planning (Getz, 1995; Crouch and Ritchie, 1999). However, the problem is that there are no empirical studies to support common goals, or what factors are essential in creating shared goals in developing sustainable tourism destinations to cater for various needs of stakeholders. To this end, most tourism organisations have no concrete industry standards as these depend on a given country’s tourism policies. Thus, creating common goals for sustainability in the tourism sector will remain a challenge. Therefore, organisations should strive to create a solid tourism industry shared goals common among all stakeholders (Burns and Ho lden, 1995). These goals must come from common publications, stakeholders’ opinions, and academic journals among others. We have to recognise that the industry can create sustainable tourism destinations based on competitive interests and shared resources affected by same factors (Butler, 2006). This will ensure that stakeholders have motivation to achieve a common and collective goal. However, these shared goals cannot remain constant as the industry experiences growth (Hall and Lew, 1998). Thus, continuous research, studies and development are necessary to reflect the changing trends in the industry such environmental concerns, infrastructures, and marketing principles. This approach will ensure that the industry has a sense of direction supported by strategies and practical and achievable goals. Medeiros and Bramwell noted that countries such as Brazil have attempted to implement shared vision but with minimal outcomes due to uncertainty in the industry (Medeiros and Bramw ell, 2002). The challenge has been to get information where stakeholders need it for developing sustainable tourism policies. Thus, the industry must enhance information flow among its small stakeholders. This must also apply to feedback. However, generating useful information for the industry means continuous learning due to the dynamic nature of tourism. Application of information systems can assist in reflecting, evaluating, delivering, processing, and improving information flow in the tourism industry for sustainability destinations. Most stakeholders blame poor research cultures in the tourism industry as a basis for lack of sustainability in developing tourism destinations. This is responsible for the rift in utilisation of the available research findings. De Lacy and Boyd note that there are considerable efforts in Australia to reduce such barriers through â€Å"the use of the Australian Cooperative Research Centre (CRC) model for cross-sectoral research collaboration to enh ance the sustainability of tourism† (De Lacy and Boyd, 2000). The approach aims at highlighting the importance of the industry collaboration to enhance the effectiveness and benefits of research findings through technology transfers, usages and commercialisation. Organisations have relationships that exist among them. These can be in forms of partnerships, co-operation, co-ordination, and collaboration. Researchers have concentrated on these areas so as to eliminate problems that have affected tourism development for decades. Jamal and Getz concur that enhancing the industry identity and common goals can enhance co-operation among the main players as these stakeholders recognise the need to work as a team (Jamal and Getz, 1995). However, the challenge is that no major studies exist to prove the importance of co-operation to tourism destination development. Still, a closer look at the relationship that exists in the industry reveals that real sustainability in the tourism indus try can only become reality if there is co-operation. Occasionally, some problems result due to lack of information. Therefore, co-operation will minimise incidences of miscommunication and difficulties due to lack of collaboration among the industry stakeholders (Inskeep, 1997). This approach to sustainability is not effective due to challenges related to accessing information in a timely fashion. One of the aims of ecotourism is the need for cultural exchange among the stakeholders. There is a need for mutual acceptance and accommodation of different cultural belief, and world views to enhance development of sustainability in tourism destinations (Davidson and Maitland, 1997). It is necessary that stakeholders of diverse views and beliefs promote dialogue and exchanges in tourism destinations, acceptance of the locals, conservation of the cultural diversity, and eradicate negative impacts of tourism. We can use Senge’s system thinking to promote a common language that helps stakeholders who have differences in belief systems (Senge, 1990). The industry covers almost all cultures of the global. Thus, cultural exchange has limitations in relations to accommodation, acceptance, diversity, and eradication of negative stereotypes. Sustainability of tourism destinations needs consultative approach on decision-making processes. The processes must involve all stakeholders including host communities. Sharman noted some issues that influenced participation of stakeholders in planning as poor representation, low participation and poor outcomes of the process among the participants (Sharman, 1999). Power issues influenced the outcomes of all consultative processes. The industry can develop models which aim at creating power balance for accommodation of different point of views (Douglas and Butler, 2001). This approach helps in facilitating understanding, strategic planning and increasing stakeholders’ participation. The uncertainty surrounding the future o f tourism industry impacts decision-making process. Stakeholders are not willing to engage in long-term decisions without knowing their consequences. Participants should base their decisions on sound policies and welcome open discussions so that they can identity issues of common concerns and provide alternatives or solutions (Jamieson, 2001). It is difficult for the tourism industry to have a single body to coordinate all decision-making processes that fit all the tourism destinations of the world. Tourism decisions depend on national policies regulating the industry. The concept of adaptive management can help in improving sustainability of tourism destinations. Adaptive approaches can help the industry tackle emerging challenges that hamper growth (Knowles and Egan, 2000). Adaptive management enables the industry reacts to changes in a timely fashion. The idea of adaptive management finds support in studies and ideas of Reeds (Reed, 2000). Adaptive management requires continuous studies, testing and developing adaptive models (Eaton, 1996). Adaptive management has been effective in enhance management of the tourism industry. Given the reviewed literature, this research supports the view that despite the existence of many initiatives, sustainable tourism practices have not spread across the industry because the stakeholders of tourism are still divided on how to improve the sustainability of tourist destinations. These initiatives exist, but tourism has diverse components that vary from country to country. Thus, putting these together to enhance sustainability of the environment has remained a challenge across the industry. Approaches to tourism destination sustainability such as regulations, market approaches, and soft tools may not work in every tourism situation. Still, attempts at developing sustainability of tourism destinations may not achieve the desired outcome due to minimal participation in processes such as sharing information, goals, co-operation and co-ordination, cultural exchanges, consultative decision-making and planning, and adaptive management. Reference List Becken, S and Hay, J 2007, Tourism and climate change: Risks and opportunities, Multilingual Matters Ltd, Bristol. Burns, P and Holden, A 1995, Tourism: A new perspective, Prentice-Hall, Hemel Hempstead. Butler, R 2006, The Tourism Area Life Cycle: Volume 2: Conceptual and theoretical issues, Channel View Publications, Clevedon. Cater, E and Lowman, G 1994, Ecotourism: A sustainable option. Wiley, Chichester. Coccossis, H and Nijkamp, P 1995, Sustainable tourism development, Ashgate, London. Cohen, E 2002, ‘Authenticity, equity and sustainability in tourism’, Journal of Sustainable Tourism, vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 267-276. Cooper, C, Fletcher, J, Gilbert, D and Wanhill, S 2008, Tourism: principles practice, 4th ed, Longman, Harlow. Crouch, G and Ritchie, J 1999, ‘Tourism, competitiveness, and societal prosperity’, Journal of Business Resea rch, vol. 44, pp. 137–152. Curtis, I 2002, ‘Environmentally sustainable tourism: A case for carbon trading at Northern Queensland hotels and resorts’, Australian Journal of Environmental Management, vol. 9, no.1, pp. 27–36. Davidson, R and Maitland, R 1997, Tourism destinations, Hodder and Stoughton, London. De Lacy, T and Boyd, M 2000, An Australian research partnership between industry, universities and government: The Cooperative Research Centre for Sustainable Tourism, Channel View Publications, Clevedon, UK. Deloitte and Oxford Economics 2010, The economic contribution of the visitor economy: UK and the nations, Visit Britain, London. Douglas, P and Richard B 2001, Contemporary Issues in Tourism Development, Routledge, London. Eaton, B 1996, European leisure business: Strategies for the future, Elm Publications, Cambridge. FNNPE 1993, Loving them to death? FNNPE, Grafenau, Germany. Gee, C 1997, International tourism: A global perspective, World Touris m Organisation, Madrid. 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